Ruthless Essay Topics for Renaissance Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Essay Topics for Renaissance Strategies Exploited The Hidden Gem of Essay Topics for Renaissance The writing process is going to be a pleasure, and your reader will delight in reading your bit of academic writing. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Occasionally it only appears simple, but plenty of students forget about the sort of academic writing they need to follow. If a student believes that it's simple to select what things to compose about, that student isn't right. The Hidden Treasure of Essay Topics for Renaissance The essay isn't the simplest task to master. If you wish to compose a fantastic history essay you'd better opt for a topic that's familiar to you. You need to be very careful when choosing an essay topic. Deciding on the proper essay topic can occasionally be rather tricky. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research on the web, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. Remain realistic and select a topic you are able to research. If you like you may look online and find one which you like. Search for the international history essay topics in the news or on the internet. In case you have any questions, allow me to know! Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Together with the topics, you'd come across loads of papers at no cost. This way you'll restrict your topics to the one which is right for you. Facts, Fiction and Essay Topics for Renaissance The ideal was similar to the present idea of interdisciplinary studies where the student attempts to steer clear of the hazards of overspecialization which may lead to an educational imbalance. Still, every one of them would show up in the overall list. It's not advised to use phrases which could consist of vague definitions or controversial concepts. You ought to be proficient in the topic, have an overall idea about the chosen issue and figure out how to get the best arguments to demonstrate your thesis. What racism is and the way to cope with it. There were different reformations which were caused on account of the protestant reformation for instance, the counter reformation. As we dwell in the mercenary society, so we're made to play by its regulations. Facts, Fiction and Essay Topics for Renaissance Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too significant. The best way to success requires a lot of time and energy. The most significant thing is that it's his choice to cooperate with Lord Henry and his luring thoughts. To locate a subject that has been researched adequately but not too much can be an intimidating issue to do. Essay Topics for Renaissance at a Glance It is an impossible task to compose a great history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about whatsoever. Just make sure it is something which you require, not just something which you desire in the brief term. Select something you're interested in. Make your list as long as feasible take a brief break. Why making selfies can help raise your self-confidence. If you're considering purchasing an item which you will still have next calendar year, think about pulling out the card but you need to be careful. The specific fuzy issues are often made available to examination all the practical electrical power and inventive looking into an individual. When you own a list before your eyes, it is going to be a lot easier to compose your mind and begin considering a specific matter. Saint Jerome is likewise very detailed which furthers the emphasis put on man. Between 1508-1512, Michelangelo painted a number of the finest pictorial images of all moment. Renaissance saw gifted individuals who developed their abilities in a wide selection of fields causing the idea of Renaissance man or Universal Genius. The Renaissance took place on a long length of time. Florence, Italy, was the house of the beginning of the Renaissance. The Renaissance era proved to be a secular movement. Thus, it turned into a supportive atmosphere for a foundation of the new kind of the Renaissance. The Renaissance period is regarded as the intellectual birth of contemporary society.

Accounting Scandal (Xerox) Essay - 943 Words

Ms. Hardgrove Financial Accounting 5 November 2013 Xerox’s Accounting Scandal Xerox Corporation is a multinational American document management corporation which sells and produces a wide variety of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction systems, photo copiers, scanners, fax, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies. Overall any type of printing equipment, more specifically office equipment. It is currently headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut since 2007 when it moved from Stamford, Connecticut. Even though its largest population of employees is based around Rochester, New York, (city in which the company was founded). One of the company’s major steps in the last decade has been†¦show more content†¦Allaire and G. Richard Thoman, and its former chief financial officer, Barry D. Romeril. The other individuals were: Philip D. Fishbach, who was a former Controller until his retirement from Xerox in April 2000, Daniel S. Marchibroda; former Assistant Controller until January 2000; and Gregory B. Tayler, former Director of Accounting Policy (1997-1999), Assistant Treasurer (1999-2000) and Controller (2000- 2001). The SECs complaint alleges that this six executives were involved in a fraudulent scheme that took place from 1997 to 2000 and misled investors about Xeroxs earnings to keep its perfect reputation on Wall Street, in other words to meet their performance expectations and eventually to rise up the companys stock price. These results that resulted from rising company stock prices, also benefited the defendants when they personally sale the stocks, it benefited them because of the higher prices and also higher compensation. The scheme involved the use of accounting devices that were not disclosed to investors, many violating generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The complaint states that the defendants illegal conduct was responsible for speeding up the recognition of equipment revenues by approximately $3 billion and that it increased pre-tax earnings by approximately $1.4 billion in Xeroxs financial results for the years 1997-2000. According to the complaint statement issued by the SEC Xeroxs senior managementShow MoreRelatedXerox Accounting Scandal And Its Impact On The Situation2148 Words   |  9 Pages Auditing Group Assignment ATIF MANZOOR ASIFUL ISLAM PUSPITA GHOSH MEHADI HASAN Table of Contents Overview 3 Xerox as an organization 3 Xerox accounting scandal 3 Impact of accounting scandal 5 The violations 5 Effect of accounting scandal on share price and company overall 6 Role of auditor in Xerox scandal 6 Effect of auditor’s involvement impact the situation 6 Recent developments about the case 7 Lessons learned 7 References 8 Auditing Group Assignment OverviewRead MoreTen Publicized Audit Failures1655 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost $16.2 billion over a 15 year period, leading the company into a $9.2 billion bankruptcy. Grant Thornton, the auditor at the time of the events, was replaced by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, claiming to be a victim of deceit in the Parmalat audit scandals. ii. Adelphia (2002) - Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Adelphia Communications was under Pennsylvania and New York federal grand jury, and SEC investigations for making off-balance-sheet loans, amounting to $3.1 billion, to the founders and formerRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021356 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade the world has been taken by surprise by the numerous accounting scandals that have occurred, for example, Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Xerox, and Global Crossing (Suyanto, 2009, p. 118). Since those accounting scandals occurred the United States Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) to help improve a company’s corporate governance and help deter fraud (Chinniah, 2015, p.2). In addition to SOX, the Accounting Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) passed the StatementRead MoreTechniques And Fraud Schemes : Off Balance Sheet Techniques1148 Words   |  5 Pagesrecording booking expenses as capital (pp.8-10). â€Å"Cookie Jar†, Bad Debt Reserve and â€Å"Big Bath† Scheme. Giroux (2008) research on Enron further revealed that the energy deregulation cause earnings volatility by using the mark-to-market accounting and/or accrual accounting as opportunity set up a large reserve cookie jar scheme to cover for future earnings losses (pp.1213-1214). Weld, Bergevin and Magrath (2004) research on HealthSouth revealed that the company was involved in cookie jar techniques onRead MoreFinancial Statement Fraud And Corporate Financial Fraud1310 Words   |  6 Pagesof financial statement fraud brought the attention of auditors and regulators. Financial scandals of Enron, WorldCom, Xerox, Tyco, Parmalat, Qwest, and Satam Computers increased the auditors’ responsibility in detecting and preventing fraudulent transactions. Corporate financial fraud had negative consequences for the market capitalization due to gigantic losses of investors. In addition, accounting scandals of early 2000th ruined auditors’ reputation and the public trust. The regulators, SEC, URead MoreXerox Financial Fraud Case Analysis Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial Research – The Xerox 1 Financial Research Xerox Financial Fraud Case Analysis This paper was prepared for Auditing Procedures Financial Research – The Xerox Abstract On April 8th, 2002, the Xerox Corporation (Xerox) announced its willingness to accept the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to reach a settlement with the conditions. Thereafter, its financial fraud became surfaced. On June 28th, Xerox Corporation in accordance with the requirements of the settlementRead MoreThe Xerox Corporation s History1633 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Xerox Corporation’s history, however, is not perfect. In 2002, they were fined $10 million for inflating revenue and profits from 1997 to 2000 by including future payments on existing products (Xerox). They were using various â€Å"topside accounting devices,† to manipulate their equipment revenues and earnings (KPMG). They would record leases of products to customers as sales in order to increase their revenue. The auditing firm used by Xerox was KPMG. KPMG is a global accounting and auditingRead MoreScandal of Xerox4092 Words   |  17 PagesContent Page Executive Summary Xerox, the then world’s largest copier seller, was sued by the U.S. Security and Exchange Committee (SEC) in 2002 for its fraudulent accounting manipulations, which inflated $1.5 billion earnings from 1997 to 2000. Several parties got their hands dirty in the scandal, including the then senior Xerox management, the Board of Directors and external auditor KPMG LLP. The failure of those parties in discharging their duties induces the further thought of trust and accountabilityRead MoreAn Incident of Fraud in Xerox Corporation523 Words   |  2 PagesDefinition or description of the Dilemma Xerox Corporation is a worldwide document management corporation which produces and sells a variety of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction systems, photo copiers, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies. Xerox used ‘creative accounting’ methods to misrepresent its assets and liabilities, misleading investor’s and inflating its stock. The scandal was staggering in its scope and scale: chairman and CEORead MoreCorporate Scandals That Rocked The Foundations Of The Business World Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesWe have seen in recent corporate history a litany of corporate scandals that rocked the foundations of the business world. Huge corporations whose economic outputs are larger than most of the developing countries have suddenly imploded under the weight of stock manipulation, unscrupulous accounting procedures and deliberate enculturation of business competitiveness anchored on ‘doing whatever it takes to win’. Small ethical cracks in the business foundation had gone too many and had been widely

Assessing The Motivational Techniques Of Pepsi Business Essay Example For Students

Assessing The Motivational Techniques Of Pepsi Business Essay The drink is the innovation of Caleb Bradham, a druggist and apothecarys shop proprietor in New Bern, North Californa. In late 1890 s, he had been sing with Coca and Kola extracts in the syrup signifier. By blending this sirup with carbonated H2O, he produced a really pleasing drink that non merely tasted good but besides made his clients feel good. He promoted it as a remedy of indigestion ( dyspepsia ) . Initially called Brand drinks by his local friends, the local friends, the drink was officially titled PEPSI COLA in 1898. By 1902 the sirup was so popular that Caleb was giving most of clip in the readying, packaging, selling, advertisement, and supervising the distribution of it to other pharmaceuticss. His gross revenues increased quickly and in 1904 he bought the Bishop Mill and converted it into his bottling works for Pepsi Cola. In Cola 1907, he purchased bordering land and construct a three-story add-on to the mill to function as office infinite for his new company. Target Market The mark market of Pepsi purposes at immature coevals. The mark market of Pepsi besides includes the kid is able to articulate Pepsi as Bebsi . ATTRACTION OR PROMOTIONAL TECHNIQUES By opening CRICKET CLUBS for the immature coevals in which the organisation hire celebrated cricketers like Sachin Tendulkar and Wasim Akram. These cricket nines provide an chance for cricketers to larn playing cricket and every bit good the merchandise Pepsi is promoted. Another manner of attractive force is by patronizing celebrated famous persons. When these celebrated personalities sponsored by Pepsi signifier in their Fieldss of forte, the Brand is besides promoted. This trade name besides provides scholarship for pupils, so that pupils from hapless households can be supported as good deriving societal good will. The organisation besides introduces many different strategies in which the participants can win different gifts like a Cadmium participant, T- shirts, Bikes, free return tickets etc. MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES The Human Resource Department of Pepsi Company gives following inducements and benefits to actuate their workers. JOB SECURITY: They give confidence to the employees working that they would non be removed after a certain clip period of working. This promotes the employees to work unfeignedly because as they know that they would be in the company for a longer continuance they would seek to set their best public presentation. Wage Allowance: This means that the employees would acquire allowances for their assorted operating expenses such as travel, nutrient, lodging etc. This is an added advantage to the employees working to actuate them to bring forth and give their end product efficaciously. PROMOTION TO NEXT DESIGNATION WHICH IS PURELY ON MERIT: This is an of import factor of motive, when an employee gets an chance to be promoted strictly through his virtue he tries to set in his best public presentation. This creates an ambiance of competition among employees this is good because it increases the productiveness of the workers. ANNUAL PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: Pepsi organizes an one-year public presentation appraisal plan in which the best employee, proactive employees of the twelvemonth and assorted other classs are elected and felicitated. This creates acknowledgment for difficult work, Job satisfaction and attempt put in by each member. This motivates each one to obtain that acknowledgment. THE WORKERS ARE OFFERERED PEPSI AT RS.3 AND MEAL ( ALL TYPES ) IS AVAILABLE AT RS.10: This is an advanced thought formed by the company so that the employees working for the company can avail the nutrient provided in the canteen and Pepsi can be provided to them at a really inexpensive rate. This creates a sense of satisfaction within the Black Marias of the employees and creates a high feeling about the company. They would be non be disappointed alternatively be motivational factors for fellow employees. .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 , .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .postImageUrl , .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 , .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:hover , .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:visited , .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:active { border:0!important; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:active , .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87 .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u860986b01944d4cb59e893f40c0edd87:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Meet The Simpsons EssayFree Dispensary: This means free allowance for medicine. If an employee falls ill his medicine cost and the measures would be covered up the company. This one of a major advantages and a incentive which creates an feeling in the heads of each employee that whatever happens the medicine cost would be covered up by the company. This besides avoids one of a major head barrier that is Perception about the company. CASH Wages: The Company besides provides excess hard currency wagess to the truly sincere and devoted workers. This besides applies to those employees who have worked in the company for more than 10 or 15 old ages. Bonus: This is a besides a wages a wages gifted to the workers for the virtues and difficult work. WAYS TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY Motivate Your Employees: Pepsi can set in more attempts to be after and set in ways and means to advance, motivate and promote an employee because every employee s end product is of import to the company. Therefore, seek to maintain your workers in the best possible state of affairs and do all the factors such as working conditions and other factors favorable so that they get motivated to work more all the clip. Pull off Your Time Efficiently: Time is another of import factor to better productiveness. When all the programs and aims of a peculiar company are achieved successfully within a certain span of clip that peculiar company/business develops. Therefore, clip is a important factor for determination devising and scene ends. Streamline Your Small Business: Take advantage of good accounting and stock list package to maintain path of your fundss, gross revenues and purchases. Take regular stock list of your merchandises and sell off slow-moving points so they can be replaced by faster-moving 1s. You can besides utilize saloon codifications to maintain path of your stock list and avoid pilferage either by hooking clients or your ain staff. Keep an oculus on your recognition clients so that you can roll up your histories receivable expeditiously. Invest in faster computing machines or other energy and time-saving equipment. Look into multifunction equipment. Nowadays, you can acquire facsimile, transcript ; scanning and publishing devices all bundled into a individual machine. This will salvage clip, infinite, and energy and rush up your response clip to client enquiries. Every Small Effort Counts: Even little gestures such as put ining a java machine or an air-conditioning unit can assist hike productiveness in your concern. Any betterment, little or large, should be explored in order to increase productiveness degrees in your little concern and the above methods can assist you make that. 5 ) Get Your Supporters Talking: A The streets are speaking and the web has ears. Potential clients are more antiphonal to recommendations from friends and household. This positive feedback stems from competent client service and satisfaction. By traveling that excess stat mi to acquire the occupation done, your clients will decidedly take notice and spread the word amongst their web of friends. Generating this type of bombilation is far more valuable and low-cost than throwing 1000s of dollars towards a print ad run ; nevertheless, the turnaround requires more clip and forbearance. You may even desire to see a wagess system for leads and referrals. Setting Specific GOALS Incentives such as hard currency fillips and or holiday bundles are all right, but without defined ends, your squad is more or less viing amongst each other instead than join forcesing to carry through a common end. It helps to hold a finish line on the skyline to maintain those legs pumping. By puting defined ends and posting them for all to see, your squad productiveness should spike well, particularly since advancement is more easy gauged. If they can visualise the terminal, your squad will cognize how difficult they have to force to acquire at that place. .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f , .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .postImageUrl , .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f , .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:hover , .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:visited , .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:active { border:0!important; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:active , .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71ed6f3ab196606058411e11bfee440f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sex And Bible EssayDecision Any company can go successful if merely they have effectual motivational schemes and if they are implemented efficaciously. A worker in must be given as equal importance as a director in a company, this is because each individual has his ain importance in the responsibility delegated to him. Individually we are one bead, but together we are an ocean .

Is India too soft to become a global power free essay sample

A global power can be defined as one which has the capability to influence global governance and is necessary to ensure a world order. United States, Russia, U.K., China and some others may rightly be called as global powers for their strategic and politico-economic leverage. Historical evidence suggests that these powers have not been soft at all in their course to power struggle. Softness may be defined as the opposite of assertiveness and activeness in this power struggle. It is a term often used to define Indian foreign policy. But, such a simplistic and overarching labelling does not take into account the historical perspective; the geo-political and economic imperatives. Though softness may be valid in the global sense, it can not be so regionally – where India is a regional power in South and South-East Asia. To determine whether India can become a global power in owing to its softness: a historical evaluation of India’s regional rise; the inherent paradoxes; its position on the international political landscape coupled with a contemporary global evaluation would be necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Is India too soft to become a global power? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Regional Analysis The numerous wars fought by India with its neighbours Pakistan and China speak for itself. India has actively defended its territorial integrity while maintaining a regional order. The 1971 war to liberate Bangladesh from Pakistan is a testament to this fact. India’s continous intervention in Maldives’ and Nepal’s polity to check the autocratic and monarchic elements is another testament. It has strived to secure and safeguard the rights of minorities in Sri Lanka through political and military intervention, But, simultaneously, its passivity in the Afghanistan war in the late 1970s may well be noted. It is clear that India has a regional strategy and it is well placed in South Asia. But, its position has not been solely established based on political and military clout; economic clout also had a major role to play. Its softness or toughness in the geo-politics has little relevance today. For, its relations with neighbours has often suffered and soured. In fact, economic engagements are guiding and shaping the power relationships. Globally, however, the Indian strategy was different and so has been the outcome. Global Analysis India’s leadership amid cold war owing to its policy of Non- Alignment (NAM) has been commendable and is respected globally.But, non-alignment did not mean neutrality or isolation. India has intervened to safeguard peace and stop wars between cold war rival factions belonging to U.S. and U.S.S.R.. The intensive engagements with then newly de-colonized nations was conceived to promote an equitable world order. The idea of the New International Economic Order(NIEO) was one such endeavour. Though, it did not succeed but left a powerful impression on the global strategic discourse. Interestingly, India also tested Nuclear weapons in the 1970s and faced the wrath of the West by way of economic sanctions.. It did not sign, among very few nations, the Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT) owing to its biases. These placed it as strategically independent and respected for its principled stand on issues. But, on many occasions India remained soft or passive. The military interventions in Yugoslavia, Iraq, the Iran wars and the growing U.S. hegemony were not opposed or challenged by India. In fact, it is often alleged that India subdued its NAM policy and sided with the U.S. on occasions. Reasonably, neither was India then capable enough nor was it beneficial to oppose the U.S. International politics has changed considerably since then and economic clout often defines the share in global power- not softness or toughness. Even though India has not been very active or persuasive on major contemporary issues relating to Syria, Iran and Egypt – it has taken a categorical stand on each of them. Its growing influence in international politics is discernible by the following. It has emerged as a major destination for global investment. Its rise has saved the world from  plunging into a deep economic crisis by spectacular economic growth- as evident in Europe and the West. Its membership of BRICS, housing 40% of world’s GDP and 60% of world’s population, gives it immense political voice. The global South( economic rise of southern nations and their growing cooperation) is one of the defining partnerships giving much-needed leverage to India. Thus, major global powers have supported India’s permanent membership in key insitutions as UNSC, Missile Technology Control Regime(MTCR), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO) and Asia-Pacific Economic Council(APEC). Moreover, India’s resolve to make the global economic and internet governance more democratic is backed by all developing nations. This cover reforms in economic bodies like IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD and WTO. Indeed, India fulfills major criteria such as demography(population), geo-strategic location and economic strength to undertake or lead such reform processes. Overall Strategic Analysis Thus, there can be little doubt that presently India is well placed in the global political and economic landscape. Its non-intervention in major contemporary issues or softness should be seen in the light of domestic imperatives and its foreign policy. India is grappling with several internal socio-economic challenges. Resolving them is its first priority, even though they are linked in some way to its international position. The diplomatic energy of India is often channelized to resolve these issues and thus little attention can be devoted to other global phenomena. Indian leadership at best attempts to shield India from such phenomena. For instance, the deposing of the democratically elected former President of Egypt Mr. Morsy, was not opposed vociferously by India, only condemned. But, the issues emanating there from such as political instability leading to potential oil price hikes has been taken care of by making alternative arrangements. Moreover, the leadership is well aware of non-softness in jeopardizing health  relations with nations, e.g. Sri Lanka and Pakistan. It is also well informed of the high-handedness of the U.S. in resolving global issues and its consequences. The U.S. often bears the reactive brunt of its actions without solving the problems it acted for. Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran and the recent potential strike in Syria exemplify this. These exacerbated the reputation and credibility of and trust in the U.S., especially in the case of Syria and Iraq. On the other hand, the balanced Russian diplomacy led the way for potentially resolving the conflict. It marks the win of sensible diplomacy. Conclusion It is well understood today in international circles that diplomatic and economic influence matter the most and not high-handedness or toughness. Experience shows that soft and tough/hard diplomacy are very subjective words with a temporal connotation. What is soft in the short-run may become the most robust stand in the long-run. Its opposite is also true that what is tough may not augur well. India’s foreign policy has thus been calibrated well with changing times, both regionally and globally. It must not be forgotten that not much time has elapsed since India’s independence. And, India’s position in just 66 years is satisfactory. It only needs to focus, as it has been doing, on domestic socio-economic imperatives and balancing them wittingly with global challenges and opportunities – just as China also did. This strategy has the potential to put India in the global circles of power- where soft in not always weak.

Inclusive education Essays

Inclusive education Essays Inclusive education Essay Inclusive education Essay Essay Topic: Education Inclusive education describes the process by which a school attempts to respond to all pupils as individuals by reconsidering and restructuring its curricular organisation and provision and allocating resources to enhance equality of opportunity. Sebba and Sachev (1997:9) stated. Hornby (1999: 152) states that: Inclusion implies the introduction of a more radical set of changes through which schools/organisations restructure themselves so much as to be able to embraced all children/ adults regardless of disability or linguistic background. Inclusive learning therefore implies the greatest degree of match or fit between the individual learner requirements and the provision that is made for them. Zarb, G (1995) Learners with disabilities can have underdeveloped basic skills due to the barriers to learning because their learning needs are often more complex, the impact of these may be greater. The poor range and quality of provision in some areas means that many disabled students are still not given the opportunity they need to learn basic skills. As the national strategy on adult basic skills is developed and implemented, the needs of learners with learning difficulties and/ or disabilities should be taken into consideration. Therefore: good practice should centre on an inclusive approach to learning. This means making programmes of study directly relevant to the individuals needs and priorities, building on a multi- agency framework, creating programmes and curricula which are flexible, providing the necessary access to resources, ensuring that the pace of programmes meets the needs of students, placing a high priority on the development of practical skills, and teaching skills in real life situations. This is supported by Barnes, (1994) who defines disability from a more social context as: the loss of limitation of opportunity to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with the others (Barnes, 1994 cited by D. marks 1999:4). A focus on such a principle can also drive teacher education and professional development programmes in schools of education and for existing teachers. This means that schools of education can utilise performance-based assessments to license new teachers; as a result, these teachers will be familiar with the use of such assessments and be more prepared to implement them in their own classrooms. Therefore: continuity of high quality provision and sustained support across the society are vital. Developing a comprehensive tracking system to map an individuals progress should be of a high priority in the inclusion of all learners. The politicisation of disability has triggered plans for the inclusion of every student to be supported into their mainstream school and college. The valued support should be effective where such individuals can function within an organisation without necessarily having to write, to understand all that goes around them and without necessarily have to accept support systems which do not meet their particular requirements. In advocating for such a direction, schools and colleges then organise themselves in such a way that they ensure the smooth integration of previously excluded learners. Mainstream education must be more welcoming and offer more hospitality to all learners. However, regardless of the criticisms legitimately directed at the local and national organisation of some mainstream schools and colleges, their crucial advantage is that they have a place within a local community; such a presence can provide the scrutiny of ordinariness which can inhibit often bizarre and sometimes damage practices we have adopted in segregated settings. Such a location also allows for links to community with a potential social network, which can enable the learner to translate her/his, presence into meaningful relations within and beyond school gates- relationships which, arguably enable us to sustain and give life. Oliver (1990) suggests that if disability is defined by social oppression, then disabled people are seen as collective victims of uncaring society or unknowing society rather as individual victims of circumstance. In this reflection, disability is seen as a tragedy. It is a tragedy firstly by seeing disability as a problem, and then by devising methodological strategies to measure the extent of these problems that individual disabled people have to face in real life situations. This is supported by Jonhstone, (2001:95) participation brings personal dignity, collective support, solidarity and refusal to be silenced, ignored or marginalized. Oliver (1999:87) states that the imperative strength of the medical model is grounded in the principle of normalization, and a return to wholeness, which is impossible to achieve. I suggest that confidence builds from self-esteem and acceptance from the society. This aids the notion of broad mindedness. The acceptance of an individual by the society stimulates the desire to take part in issues affecting that particular society. Therefore: if disability is defined by public policy, the process of social interaction whereby individuals are marked out or set out aside because of some attribute they possess, negates the whole notion of inclusion and regenerates the notion of segregation and integration. In the broader community there is a wider range of issues that ignore the differences that various disabled people experience as a consequence of gender, sexuality, race, culture or other distinctive labeling features, Rights Now (1996). Childrens developing self-image can be seriously influenced by the way, in which their families, professionals, and society view a particular disability. Such attitudes affect the way in which the children accept or reject body images and are also related to their ability to cope with themselves, their limitations, and their carers in a normal society. This reflection indicates that a positive self-image encourages a committed and resourceful approach to life. Developing this further, it can be pointed out that in every aspect of life the consideration of a person with disability is characterised by need and this perpetuates the person to be having a special requirement as opposed to a normal life. The impact of such a phenomenon leaves a lot to be desired in the life of a person with disability. The implication converses the idea of impairment as abnormality in function and the limitation in performing a normal social life. Hence the need to reverse from the emphasis of medication and shift from individual and personal towards shared collective responsibility, Wolfendale (1996). Using the special format of isolation from mainstream programming, for example, the education system, the possibility exists that it in its self is a special barrier to normal life. Therefore: there are limitations and barriers to social life of that particular person. In this context it is the society that perpetuates the oppression and exclusion of people with disability. Thus, the segregation of people with disability from the mainstream of social life and economic life influenced policies that have placed disabled people in segregated establishments such as special schools and day care centers, Oliver (1990). From this point it can be argued that the mentality of having special schools and special education for people with disability serves as an indicatives dominance of the able-bodied over the disabled in policymaking and decision making. In such designed institutions, the education system is formulated towards what the society can do for their special needs. The issue of life skills in a normal society cannot be addressed by being segregated from the society rather be in it to face real life situations and the influence of peer interaction. In such an environment of oneness there are opportunities for peer relationships and friendships, environment for generalisation and enrichment of academic skills, models of appropriate social and language skills, and typical routines and rituals common to growing up in a community or society. An inclusion in the neighbourhood school/college prepares a student with or without disabilities to live, works and play together as citizens of their community. The general norm and perception is that students with severe learning difficulties are of less value than students who gain any other university entry and their achievements are no less worthy of respect. To select a student out of main stream because of disability or learning difficulty is an evaluation of their worth as a person and discrimination on the basis of circumstance for which they are not responsible. Continued segregation of disabled and non-disabled students can only help to foster stereotypes, while inclusion has the potential to get rid of stereotypes by enabling young people to learn about each others common humanity as well their uniqueness. Zarb, C. (1995) The benefits of inclusion have been well demonstrated and inclusion is widely accepted by government and local education providers in this country and overseas as the way forward. The UK Government supports the strong educational as well as social and moral grounds for students learning together in the mainstream and has declared inclusion as the keystone of its education policy. The 2001 Statutory Guidance on Inclusive Schooling from the Department for Education and skills gives a strong message to local education authorities (LEAs), schools and other bodies that the development of inclusion in schools is one of the Governments highest priorities. The implementation of inclusive programming calls for the Government to have a clearly stated policy that is understood by schools and colleges and wider community levels; they should allow for a flexible curriculum as well as additions and adaptations; and provide quality materials, on going teacher-training and support teachers. Inclusive education and community based programmes should be seen as complementary approaches to cost-effective education and training for disabled people. Communities should develop local resources to provide this education. Gooding, C (2000) The inclusive approach avoids a view point which locates difficulty or deficit within the student and focuses instead on the capacity of the educational institution to understood and respond to individual learners requirements. It moves away from labelling students towards creating an appropriate educational environment. Freedman, S (1999) Inclusive learning places a new responsibility on teachers for close individual observation and skilled assessment as a basis for learning environments which match learners requirements. The challenges for schools and colleges will be to ..pursue a corporate approach to learning and to develop their capacity to respond to different approaches to learning to identify individual learning goals, Barnes, C (1996). It is important for the education system to strengthen necessary safeguards for students with disabilities or difficulties in learning without labelling at the same time as promoting inclusive learning. Just as classical social science theories identify education as a major site for the reproduction of social inequality, so too disability commentators have argued that the exclusion of disabled students from mainstream programming and the under-representation of disabled students in higher education is a cause, not simply an effect, of disabled peoples social marginalisation (Barnes1991: Riddell and banks, 2001) The vicious cycles associated with failure to acquire basic skills continue through school life and afterwards. The result will be poor labour market opportunities of people with poor basic skills as identified by Ekinsmyth and Bynner, (1994; 74) the lack of opportunity for mainstream education and training. Women will then opt for early marriages and many man face intermittent casual unskilled work and unemployment. On the other hand the society can label someone as unable because of lack of basic skills. Hence stigmatisation or societal classification will give birth to social outcasts who in turn will be a major problem to the society. Broadly, multiple regression opens the way to the notion of a combination of characteristics early in life that predict a later outcome. Parents or family role in skills acquisition is critical especially in the early years before formal education begins. Bynner and Steedman (1998) further argue that: parents can be effective enhancers of their childrens vocabularies and can improve their visual-motor skills through reading to them and playing with them. Or they can impoverish their childrens development, by failing to provide the critical inputs at the right time Stone (1985 cited by Oliver 1990:3) showed that in the process of identification and classification, disability has always been an important category, in that it offers a legitimate social status to those who can be defined as unable to work as opposed to those who may be classified as unwilling to do so. Different individuals will face different problems and many limitations are socially created. It is argued that teachers beliefs plays a vital role in ensuring the success of inclusive practises since teachers acceptance of the policy of inclusion is likely to affect their commitment to implementing it and hence hinder its fruition. Therefore disabled people in particular would be empowered to meet their own needs within a network of mutual understanding rather than a hierarchy of dependency relationships. Conclusion If inclusion were an act of engaging oneself or participation, then it would denote the element of active participation from all concerned parties. By programming specialist coverage it can be vividly argued that active participation is still negated. It is only through a properly structured consideration of the politics of disability that disabled people would not be seen as not simply constituted by the variety of these structural forces but as active participants in the process of constituting society in its totality To exclude learners described as having Special needs, from main stream local schools and colleges, is an in justice to all learners. Such an injustice demands that we look more creatively at the way we operate within educational systems as they now exist, and begin to change our legislation and our practices. Ways of hearing each other have to be found. Our perception should change. We have to find different ways of learning together and more importantly we have to find different ways of being together. Simultaneously we must start to articulate a vision for the future which will influence the wider political structures and encourage the growth of local mainstream schools and colleges in which those contributions can be valued equally to the benefit of the whole school and the community.

The Discovery of Fire in the Early Stone Age

The Discovery of Fire in the Early Stone Age The discovery of fire, or, more precisely, the controlled use of fire, was one of mankinds first great innovations. Fire allows us to produce light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to keep predator animals away, and to burn clay for ceramic objects. It has social purposes as well. Fires serve as gathering places, as beacons for those away from camp, and as spaces for special activities. The Progress of Fire Control The human control of fire likely required the cognitive ability to conceptualize the idea of fire, which itself has been recognized in chimpanzees; great apes have been known to prefer their foods cooked. The fact that experimentation with fire occurred during the early days of humanity should come as no surprise. Archaeologist J.A.J. Gowlett offers this general outline for the development of fire use:  opportunistic use of fire from natural occurrences (lightning strikes, meteor impacts, etc);  limited conservation of fires lit by natural occurrences; use of animal dung or other slow-burning substances to maintain fires in wet or cold seasons; and finally,  kindled fire. Early Evidence The controlled use of fire was likely an invention of our ancestor Homo erectus during the Early Stone Age (or Lower Paleolithic). The earliest evidence of fire associated with humans  comes from Oldowan hominid sites in the Lake Turkana region of Kenya. The site of Koobi Fora contained oxidized patches of earth to a depth of several centimeters, which some scholars interpret as evidence of fire control. The Australopithecine site of Chesowanja in central Kenya (about 1.4 million years old) also contained burned clay clasts  in small areas. Other Lower Paleolithic sites in Africa that contain possible evidence of fire include Gadeb in Ethiopia (burned rock), and Swartkrans (burned bones) and Wonderwerk Cave (burned ash and bone fragments), both in South Africa. The earliest evidence for controlled use of fire outside of Africa is at the Lower Paleolithic site of Gesher Benot Yaaqov in Israel, where charred wood and seeds were recovered from a site dated 790,000 years old. Other evidence has been found at Zhoukoudian, a Lower Paleolithic site in China, Beeches Pit in the U.K., and Qesem Cave in Israel. An Ongoing Discussion Archaeologists examined the available data for European sites and concluded that habitual use of fire wasnt part of the suite of human behaviors until about 300,000 to 400,000 years ago. They believe that the earlier sites are representative of the  opportunistic use of natural fires. Terrence Twomey published a comprehensive discussion of the early evidence for the  human control of fire at 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. Twomey believes that there is no direct evidence for domestic fires between 400,000 and 700,000 years ago, but he believes that other, indirect evidence supports the notion of the controlled use of fire. Indirect Evidence Twomeys argument is based on several lines of indirect evidence. First, he cites the metabolic demands of relatively big-brained Middle Pleistocene hunter-gatherers  and suggests that brain evolution required cooked food. Further, he argues that our distinctive sleep patterns (staying up after dark) are deeply rooted and that hominids began staying in seasonally or permanently cool places by 800,000 years ago. All of this, says Twomey, implies effective control of fire. Gowlett and Richard Wrangham argue that another piece of indirect evidence for the early use of fire is that our ancestors Homo  erectus evolved smaller mouths, teeth, and digestive systems, in striking contrast to earlier hominids. The benefits of having a smaller gut could not be realized until high-quality foods were available all year long. The adoption of cooking, which softens food and makes it easier to digest, could have led to these changes. Hearth Fire Construction A hearth is a deliberately constructed fireplace. The earliest examples were made by collecting stones to contain the fires, or simply by reusing the same location again and again and allowing the ash from previous fires to accumulate. Hearths from the Middle Paleolithic period (about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago) have been found at sites such as the Klasies River Caves in South Africa, Tabun Cave in Israel, and Bolomor Cave in Spain. Earth ovens, on the other hand, are hearths with banked and sometimes domed structures built of clay. These types of hearths were first used during the Upper Paleolithic period for cooking and heating and sometimes for burning clay figurines. The Gravettian Dolni Vestonice site in the modern Czech Republic has evidence of kiln construction, although construction details did not survive. The best information on Upper Paleolithic kilns is from the Aurignacian deposits of Klisoura Cave  in Greece. Fuels Relict wood was likely the fuel used for the earliest fires. Purposeful selection of wood came later: hardwood such as oak burns differently than softwood such as pine, since the moisture content and density of a wood all affect how hot or long it will burn. In places where wood was not available, alternative fuels such as peat, cut turf, animal dung, animal bone, seaweed, and straw were used to build fires. Animal dung was likely not consistently used until after animal domestication  led to the keeping of livestock, about 10,000 years ago. Sources Attwell L., Kovarovic K., and Kendal J.R. Fire in the Plio-Pleistocene: The Functions of Hominin Fire Use, and the Mechanistic, Developmental and Evolutionary Consequences. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2015.Bentsen S.E. Using Pyrotechnology: Fire-Related Features and Activities With a Focus on the African Middle Stone Age. Journal of Archaeological Research, 2014.Gowlett J.A.J. The Discovery of Fire by Humans: A Long and Convoluted Process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016.Gowlett J.A.J., and Wrangham R.W. Earliest Fire in Africa: Towards the Convergence of Archaeological Evidence and the Cooking Hypothesis. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 2013.Stahlschmidt M.C., Miller C.E., Ligouis B., Hambach U., Goldberg P., Berna F., Richter D., Urban B., Serangeli J., and Conard N.J. On the Evidence for Human Use and Control of Fire at Schà ¶ningen. Journal of Human Evolution, 2015.Twomey T. The Cognitive Implications of Controlled Fire Use by Early Humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2013.

Why managers may face difficulties when managing employees in a Essay

Why managers may face difficulties when managing employees in a cross-cultural context - Essay Example factory manager who moved to Mexico in order to raise the productivity of his firm factory in the State of Mexico. He apparently was not able to understand main cultural points and his management was a complete failure which led to a 500.000 $ loss for his company. The culture in which each of us lives influences and shapes our feelings, attitudes, and responses to our experiences and interactions with others. Because of our culture, each of us has knowledge, beliefs, values, views, and behaviors that we share with others who have the same cultural heritage. These past experiences, handed down from generation to generation, influence our values of what is attractive and what is ugly, what is acceptable behavior and what is not, and what is right and what is wrong. Our culture also teaches us how to interpret the world. From our culture we learn such things as how close to stand to strangers, when to speak and when to be silent, how to greet friends and strangers, and how to display anger appropriately. Because each culture has a unique way of approaching these situations, we find great diversity in cultural behaviors throughout the world. According to this definition, culture is made of all that defines our background and this is exactly why, as it is stated, we find great diversity in cultural behaviors throughout the world and this is the exact reason why managers may face cross-cultural p... As they have different cultural i.e. different knowledge, beliefs, values, views and behaviors, they will not have the same approach regarding a work, a problem, a situation. According to DuPraw and Axner3 (1997) there are six fundamental patterns of Cultural Difference: Communication Styles, Attitude towards conflict, Approaches to completing tasks, Attitudes towards disclosure, Approaches to knowing. From a culture to another, even if they share the same language, the meaning of words change and doesn't convey the same ideas and the importance of non-verbal communication is not the same. Conflict, depending on the culture, can be seen as a bad or good thing. Western countries often consider conflicts as being undesirable and often do all that is possible to tackle the issues immediately, whereas some other cultures don't have the same considerations on conflicts and believe that it is profitable for both parts. Another aspect of the conflict is the way to tackle it. Some cultures are accustomed to settle a conflict by a written exchange, contrary to the western face-to-face confrontation which can be embarrassing for them. How to complete task also differs from a culture to another because they will consider the same approach to complete it and also the way to work in teams are not the same. The process to make a decision in the working process is also submitted to variation depe nding on the cultural background. In some countries there is only one decision maker for the entire working process whereas in others the there must be a common agreement on what to do. Expressing feelings can also be an issue because it may be considered rude in some

Managment Style Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managment Style - Research Paper Example b. Customer Satisfaction – Bibu and Moniem (2011) contend that customer satisfaction also correlate to employee satisfaction, as well as, the latter’s sense of productivity and performance. Thus, in organizational development, the company shouldn’t be just interested in customer satisfaction but also must improve the capacity of human resource to make them competitively leverage and distinction in their services. Making them customer-focused needs a healthy interactive capacity while deployed in varying tasks to fulfill customer needs. c. Role and Responsibility—this is a general concept that relates to specific tasks, functions, and accountability of workers. d. System and Process – includes the conduct of training, improvement of communication, recognition of good and efficient workers, and the utilization of technology to advance organizational operations and to improve the services of human resources. The system is either internal or external. I nternal system relates to defined rules and procedures of the company while the external system are those regulations mandated by the government and its agencies which compel an organization to follow as a matter of policy. e. Results and Measures— in business strategic management, result and measure relate to performance management and the use of evaluative measures to ascertain that the employee has achieved, where one failed, and who needed more capacity enhancement. In many companies, this is called as quality control and could be furthered through constructive criticism or feed-backing system. f. Business Growth – Growth are based on some economic principles such as â€Å"protection of property rights, market-based competition,... This essay will explicate the comparative management styles of cited nations. American business managers also seriously practice transactional and transformation leadership with incessant interest for company growth and development. Thus, most of them are adept on change management by optimizing open communication system. To maintain the motivation of their employees, they include them in planning and in strategizing the business plan. According to the paper experts posit that entrepreneurial leadership in an organizations demand the need to quantifying leadership behaviors because of the revolution and changes in measuring the behaviors of both leaders and managers. It is but exact that human resource managers must have in-depth understanding the cognitive skills and the intellectual intelligence of its workers. This is because, as discussed earlier, leadership skills are crucial in organizational developments and in decision-making. Ward suggested that organizational performance is related leadership skills where models are suggested to be followed and appreciated for organizational stability and sustainability. It makes a conclusion considering all these, it is but essential for Saudi-based managers to restudy some excellent or best practices in HRM and OD practiced in American society. They may later identify what is practicable for effective and efficient organizational management under its Muslim culture and practices. What is significant here is that there are theories in leadership for organizational development and human resource management that can be utilized for practical ends—and hopefully influence for a more effective organization management. It’s a necessity that the company is able to reinvent and innovate for high performance and success.

The causality of hume and kant Essay Example for Free

The causality of hume and kant Essay Hume believed that mind is a collection of mental perceptions; therefore man cannot have free will. It was this particular pervasive skepticism which Hume has discussed in his book, â€Å"A Treatise of Human Nature†. Hume challenged Kant to investigate the explanation of causality, in the matter of the importance of cause and effect concept. In Hume’s perspective, human can see sequences of events but can never see the necessity that determinism requires. For him ideas are mere copies of impressions; and there is no possibility that human being can create any original ideas; unless they are derived from the senses. Hume felt that it is impossible to bring up impression that a person never felt or experienced before. Thus it is wrong for us to say that one event caused another event or that events are interrelated. The reason that human beings believe in cause and effect is due to the brought up which based on the conjunction of the events or reality. Through â€Å"Critique of Pure Reason†, Kant divined the understanding of knowledge into two; a priori and a posteriori. Knowledge can be independent from experience and all sense impressions (a priori), and can also need to have experience of impressions (a posteriori). Hume’s believed that habit makes human see causality and from constant conjunction of causes and effects, human beings learn to see it as a ‘necessary connection’. Kant agrees that causality is just ‘there’, but it is an a priori concept of understanding the knowledge. The concept of causality is accustomed, and experience derives from such pure concepts, and these concepts and intuitions shape human’s world yet tell nothing about things in them. The concept of causality cannot be performed in an empirical way. Kant declared the transcendental aesthetic is the first stage of mind’s experience. He stated that all sense experience is synthesized through the concepts of time and space. Space stands for itself and does not represent anything in it; however it is perceived in a subjective condition. Human subjectively perceive time as in the reality of time. Kant did not see space and time as world’s properties, but as a general concept given to the human mind. The next step of mind activity is the transcendental analytic, applies categories to the mind, which without the categories human would not be able to think at all. They are; quantity (unity, plurality, totality), quality (reality, negation, limitation), relation (substance and accidents, cause and effect, reciprocity between active and passive), modality (possible-impossible, existence-nonexistence, necessity-contingency). The transcendental dialectic comes last. He mentions that it is mind’s process in understanding matters that lie beyond human’s experiences such as God or super natural elements. The reason is that mind requires detailed information about an object which exists in sensory world; such information about non-material object puts mind at a limitation of understand only the physical world which it can only perceive. Kant mentions that God cannot be proved empirically. Instead faith or belief is necessary to keep the society running (the existence of good or bad, the life after death). For Hume the religion or belief were nothing more than superstitions. Reference: Barry Stroud, Hume. Routledge, 1977. Diane Morgan, Kant Trouble: The Obscurities of the Enlightened . Routledge , 2000.

Cookies Vs. Doughnuts :: essays research papers

Cookies and doughnuts are both yummy treats, but they also have their advantages and disadvantages. Cookies for instance can be produces with relative ease in any kitchen using flour, water, sugar and eggs. Doughnuts on the other hand are not usually made at home, hence all of the doughnut shops. This is one disadvantage to doughnuts; they are relatively difficult to produce. Doughnuts are made from the same ingredients as cookies, but they also have east in them to give them a more beadlike quality than unleavened cookies. Cookies are traditionally made by combining the ingredients listed and adding something like chocolate or nuts. The cookies are then baked at around 375 degrees for about eight minutes or until they are golden brown. They are then allowed to cool and then they are served. Doughnuts are not as simple as coolies. The dough must be prepared using flour, water, eggs, and then another ingredient; yeast, to add the tiny air pockets that make the dough rise and to make them so edible. After the dough has risen, it can be shaped into the familiar ring shape either by rolling it into snake-like portions or, more commonly, spreading the dough thickly over a flat surface using a device not unlike a cookie cutter. The popular doughnut shop, Krispy Kreme  ® has developed a doughnut extrusion process that results in their distinctive rosette shape with curved vertical ridges on the sides. After the dough is shaped, it is cooked using hot oil or fat. This oil is at a much higher temperature than that used to bake cookies. The dough is then cooked to produce a golden-brown crust on the outside while still maintaining a soft core. Sugar may then be applied. This consists of little more than putting sugar and flavoring on the outside of the doughnut in the form of icing, powered sugar, or a glaze which is which is a shell of sugar coating the doughnut. Cake doughnuts are also produced this way using fewer eggs to give them a less airy, more cake-like texture. Adding fruit or nuts to the dough before cooking can change this process, or jelly or custard may be added after cooking through injection.

Ib Biology Hl2 – 6.1 (Digestion)

6. 1. 1 Explain why digestion of large food molecules is essential. There are two reasons why the digestion of large food molecules is vital. Firstly, the food we eat is made up of many compounds made by other organisms which are not all suitable for human tissues and therefore these have to be broken down and reassembled so that our bodies can use them. Secondly, the food molecules have to be small enough to be absorbed by the villi in the intestine through diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport and so large food molecules need to be broken down into smaller ones for absorption to occur.Summary: ? 1. Food needs to be broken down and reassembled. 2. Large food molecules need to be broken down into smaller ones. 6. 1. 2 Explain the need for enzymes in digestion. Enzymes are needed in the process of digestion as they are the biological catalysts which break down the large food molecules into smaller ones so that these can eventually be absorbed. Digestion can occur natura lly at body temperature, however this process takes a very long time as it happens at such a slow rate. For digestion to increase in these circumstances, body temperature would have to increase as well.However this is not possible as it would interfere with other body functions. This is why enzymes are vital as they speed up this process by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur and they do so at body temperature. Summary: ? 3. Enzymes break down large food molecules into smaller ones. 4. Speed up the process of digestion by lowering the activation energy for the reaction. 5. Work at body temperature. 6. 1. 3 State the source, substrate, products and optimum pH conditions for one amylase, one protease and one lipase.AmylaseProteaseLipase EnzymeSalivary AmylasePepsinPancreatic Lipase SourceSalivary GlandsChief cells in stomach liningPancreas SubstrateStarchProteinsTriglycerides such as fats and oils ProductsMaltoseSmall polypeptidesFatty Acids and Glycerol Optimum pHpH 7 pH 1. 5 – 2pH 7 6. 1. 4 Draw and label a diagram of the digestive system. ?Figure 6. 1. 1 – The digestive system 6. 1. 5 Outline the functions of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The stomach is an important part of the digestive system.Firstly it secretes HCL which kills bacteria and other harmful organisms preventing food poisoning and it also provides the optimum conditions for the enzyme pepsin to work in (pH 1. 5 – 2). In addition, the stomach secretes pepsin which starts the digestion of proteins into polypeptides and amino acids. Theses can then be absorbed by the villi in the small intestine. The small intestine is where the final stages of digestion occur. The intestinal wall secretes enzymes and it also receives enzymes from the pancreas.However the main function of the small intestine is the absorption of the small food particles resulting from digestion. It contains many villi which increase the surface area for absorpt ion. The large intestine moves the material that has not been digested from the small intestine and absorbs water. This produces solid faeces which are then egested through the anus. Summary: Stomach: 6. Secretes HCL which kills bacteria. 7. HCL provides optimum pH for pepsin. 8. Secretes pepsin for protein digestion. Small intestine: 1. Intestinal wall secretes enzymes 2. Receives enzymes from the pancreas. . Has villi for absorption of food particles. Large intestine: 1. Moves material that has not been digested along. 2. Absorbes water. 3. Produces faeces. 6. 1. 6 Distinguish between absorption and assimilation. Absorption occurs when the food enters the body as the food molecules pass through a layer of cells and into the bodies tissues. This occurs in the small intestine which has many villi that are specialised for absorption. Assimilation occurs when the food molecules becomes part of the bodies tissue. Therefore, absorption is followed by assimilation. 6. 1. Explain how the structure of the villus is related to its role in absorption and transport of the products of digestion. The structure of the villus is very specific. Firstly there is a great number of them so this increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine. In addition the villi also have their own projections which are called microvilli. The many microvilli increase the surface area for absorption further. These microvilli have protein channels and pumps in their membranes to allow the rapid absorption of food by facilitated diffusion and active transport.Also, the villi contains an epithelial layer which is only one cell layer thick so that food can pass through easily and be absorbed quickly. The blood capillaries in the villus are very closely associated with the epithelium so that the distance for the diffusion of the food molecules is small. This thin layer of cells contains mitochondria to provide the ATP needed for the active transport of certain food molecules. Final ly, there is a lacteal branch at the centre of the villus which carries away fats after absorption. ?Figure 6. 1. – Intestinal villus? Summary:? 9. Many villi increase the surface area for absorption. 10. Epithelium is only one cell layer thick and so food is quickly absorbed. 11. Microvilli on the villi increase the surface area for absorption further. 12. Protein channels and pumps are present in the microvilli for rapid absorption. 13. The mitochondria in the epithelium provide ATP needed for active transport. 14. Blood capillaries are very close to the epithelium so diffusion distance is small. 15. The lacteal takes away fats after absorption.

The Road

Why do you think McCarthy has chosen not to give his characters names? How do the generic labels of â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† affect the way you /readers relate to them? While reading The Road, a novel written by Cormac McCarthy, I was jerked from the warmth, comfort, and safety of my home and thrown into a cold, dark, and desolate world, walking alongside â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy†. McCarthy composes his work so graphically that readers are drawn right into the story.I believe Cormac McCarthy wanted the figures in this book to be universal, so that the reader could imagine him/her self as â€Å"the boy† or â€Å"the man† at any given moment, and to be able to feel as they do. To do this McCarthy did not designate the characters in his book with names, and because of this, I was able to connect with â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† on a personal level and envision myself uniting with them in their chilling journe y. As the reader, I was deeply overwhelmed with many mixed emotions such as compassion, sadness, happiness, disgust, remorse, and fear.I have pity for the characters in the book The Road, because â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† have to pass day to day struggling to survive in a frigid bleak world where food is scarce â€Å"They squatted in the road and ate rice and cold beans they’d cooked days ago. † â€Å"Already beginning to ferment. †(McCarthy 29). The landscape is blackened, and mankind is almost extinct â€Å"The mummied dead everywhere. †(McCarthy 24). As I read on I noticed myself connecting more deeply with the characters.When the boy’s mother takes her own life, I was deeply saddened and my heart broke for â€Å"the boy† simply because his mom, someone he cherished and loved so much, had given up on hope and faith and deserted him. I just wanted to take hold of the child and comfort him even though at this moment he has no clue his mother has left. I also felt sorry for â€Å"the man†, one, because he has to tell his child where his mother is â€Å"For the love of God woman. What am I to tell him? † (McCarthy 58), and two, because his love and best friend was in such despair and there was nothing he could do to impel her to stay.As a mother, in some ways, I also felt sorry for the mother in this book, because most women dream of the day she will have a child of her own to love, care for, and teach, but this mother had to give birth to her son after the great catastrophe, and instead of bringing her tears of happiness, it brought tears of sorrow. She now knows that she has to raise her son in this dark and barley habitable world and that it will be a constant struggle to survive. â€Å"My heart was ripped out of me the night he was born†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McCarthy 57).On the other hand though, I am also disgusted with the mother for the one reason that she gave up, and now her family , especially her child, has to suffer the consequences due to her actions, but again, given that I put myself in her situation, would I do the same thing? While reading I also felt deep sadness in many parts, for one instance, when â€Å"the man† dies, at this point in the book I had tears streaming down my face. â€Å"He slept close to his father that night and held him but when he woke in the morning his father was cold and stiff. † â€Å"He sat there a long time weeping†¦ (McCarthy 281). â€Å"He knelt beside his father held his cold hand and said his name over and over again. †(McCarthy 281). At one part in the book, remorse, disgust, sadness, and compassion were the stirred emotions that hit me all t once. It was the time when a thief robs â€Å"the boy† while he is asleep on the beach. When â€Å"the boy† was first robbed I was angry and disgusted with the thief who had robbed a sleeping innocent child, I could never see myself doing th is especially in a situation where food is hard to come by and staying warm is almost impossible!When they finally catch up with the thief â€Å"the man† points the gun at him and threatens to shoot him. â€Å"The boy† is pleading with his father not to kill the thief. â€Å"The man† says to the thief â€Å"Take your clothes off. †(McCarthy 256). â€Å"Take them off every goddamn stitch. † (McCarthy 256). Eventually the thief is completely naked, â€Å"the boy† and the thief are begging â€Å"the man† not to do this, but the man looks at the thief and says â€Å"You didn’t mind doing it to us. †(McCarthy 257). Now I feel that the thief is getting what he deserves.When they leave the thief standing in the road â€Å"the boy† becomes extremely upset, â€Å"And They set out along south with the boy crying and looking back at the nude and saltlike creature standing there in the road shivering and hugging himself. â⠂¬  â€Å"Oh Papa, he sobbed. †(McCarthy 258). I am now starting to feel the compassion the boy has towards the thief â€Å"He was hungry, Papa. † â€Å"He’s going to die. †(McCarthy 259). They finally take the thief’s clothes back and pile them in the middle of the road and I am glad of this.Later as they were lying down at camp I believe the man was starting to feel guilty, and he spoke â€Å"I wasnt going to kill him, he said. † â€Å"But the boy didnt answer. † â€Å"They rolled themselves in the blankets and lay there in the dark. † â€Å"He could tell the boy was awake and after a while the boy said: but we did kill him. †(McCarthy 260). When â€Å"the boy† made this comment I felt deep remorse and disgust in myself for having felt so harshly toward the thief in the beginning.I also felt happiness and relief in this story when â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† found the underground shelter beh ind the house in the field, I felt as if I was there with them discovering the grand riches this den held! â€Å"Oh my God, he whispered. † â€Å"Oh my God. † â€Å"What is it Papa? † â€Å"Come down. † â€Å"Oh my God. † â€Å"Come down. † (McCarthy138). â€Å"Crate upon crate of canned goods. † â€Å"Tomatoes, peaches, beans, apricots. † â€Å"Canned hams. † â€Å"Corned beef. † â€Å"Hundreds of gallons of water in ten gallon plastic jerry jugs. †(McCarthy 138).In this underground hideaway was everything they needed to survive. I was so overwhelmed with joy and comfort that I forgot for a moment about the cruel cold world above. During many portions of this novel I experienced also many sensations of fear. The most prominent passage is where â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† come across a house and both are vulnerable due to fatigue and starvation. â€Å"They’d had no food and littl e sleep in five days and in this condition on the outskirts of a small town they came upon a once grand house sited on a rise above the road†(McCarthy 105).As they start toward the house â€Å"the boy† becomes frightened and â€Å"the man† or father tries to reassure him that everything is okay and that they have to go inside. At this point I am feeling a little uneasy about the two entering the house. As they cross the porch â€Å"the boy† is trying to convince his father not to go inside, agreeing with the boy I imagine myself in his shoes and I am pleading for â€Å"the man† not to enter. â€Å"The man† is determined and tells the boy â€Å"We’ve got to find something to eat. † â€Å"We have no choice. †(McCarthy 106).When inside the home â€Å"the boy hung on to his hand. † â€Å"He was terrified. † (McCarthy 107). While investigating the house they come across a door in a room next to the kitchen that m ight have been considered a pantry at one time. â€Å"In the floor of this room was a door or hatch and it was locked with a large padlock made of stacked steel plates. †(McCarthy 108). â€Å"The boy† again tries to plead with his father to leave, and I again right along with him, but now my tension and curiosity is starting to rise a bit, wondering what is underneath this door. The man† believes there is a significant reason for this door being locked, so he makes his way to the tool shed â€Å"half dragging the child and went sorting through tools† (McCarthy 109). He retrieves a shovel, heads back into the house, and pry’s the door open. Now I am holding my breath just waiting for the outcome, good or bad, I do not know, but I am very anxious. â€Å"He started down he rough wooden steps. He ducked his head and then flicked the lighter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McCarthy 110).â€Å"Coldness and Damp. † â€Å"An ungodly stench. † (McCarthy 110). What came next caught me completely off guard! Huddled against the back wall were naked people, male and female, all trying to hide, shielding their faces with their hands. † â€Å"On the mattress lay a man with his legs gone to the hip and the stumps of them blackened and burnt. † â€Å"The smell was hideous. † â€Å"Jesus, he whispered. †(McCarthy 110). Now I am in a complete state of shock, fear, and disgust. Unbelievable! All at once I am feeling the fear and shock of â€Å"the man†, â€Å"the boy†, and the mangled victims that have been terrorized, probably raped, eaten or at least half dismembered and eaten by the wicked and ruthless barbarians! Then one by one they turned and blinked in the pitiful light. † â€Å"Help us, they whispered. † â€Å"Please help us. †(McCarthy 110). My heart is now beginning to race. When they finally reach the top of this grave, â€Å"He shoved the boy through the hatch and sent him sp rawling. † â€Å"He stood and got hold of the door and swung it over and let it slam down and he turned to grab the boy but the boy had gotten up and was doing his little dance of terror. †(McCarthy 111).As if this horrific and vivid image engraved in my head was not enough, McCarthy immediately throws me into a sheer state of terror and panic. â€Å"†¦ the boy was pointing out the window and when he looked he went cold all over. † â€Å"Coming across the field toward the house were four bearded men and two women. † â€Å"He grabbed the boy by the hand. † â€Å"Christ, he said. † â€Å"Run. † â€Å"Run. † I had to literally set the book aside, go outdoors, calm down, and smoke a cigarette to calm my nerves. Finally my heart rate returned to normal and I picked up the book and continued to read.After I completed this part in the story and discovered that â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† had escaped I got up ch ecked on my children to reassure myself that they were asleep safe and warm in their bed, I quickly ran back through the house like a child with a sense of fear that something was going to jump out and grab me at any moment, I jumped in the bed got as close to my husband as possible and eventually drifted off to sleep. When I finished reading The Road by Cormac McCarthy, I was astonished at how deep I was able to connect with the characters and the fact that this book touched me as deeply as it did.It also made me think what if†¦? In reality if this were to happen would I have the courage and strength of â€Å"the man† and â€Å"the boy† or would I be like the mother as McCarthy states it â€Å" †¦a faithless slut†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (57), who has taken death as a new lover. Over all I personally believe that this novel was absolutely fantastic, even though I had nightmares for a few nights after I had completed the book. This just goes to show what a great writer McCarthy is, he touches his readers so deeply they even dream about his work. I would defiantly pick up this book and read it again just for fun. The Road The post-apocalyptic novel â€Å"The Road†, written by Cormac McCarthy was published in 2006. [1] It deals with the journey of a father together with his son, who try to reach the coast after America, its nature and civilisation has been destroyed by some catastrophe. Therefore some important issues are implied: travelling, fear of death, nuclear war, goodness, religion, cannibalism and of course the relationship between father and son. Maybe that is the reason why McCarthy dedicated the novel to his son: John Francis McCarthy. In 2007 McCarthy won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction for this novel. 2] In 2009 the Novel was made into a film, also called â€Å"The Road† and directed by John Hillcoat. [3] There are some interesting aspects, regarding the similarities and differences between the novel and its cinematic adaptation. The Novel Cormac McCarthy tells the story of a journey, made by father and son. They survived a nuclear catastrophe, which is not described in detail and want to go south in order to reach the coast. They have a card in order to carry their habits. They hope for a humanitarian climate, nourishments and other peaceful survivors. Due to the apocalypse, they have to deal with a lot of trouble during their trip. In order to survive despite the lack of food, a lot of people became cannibals. Cannibalism is no option for the man and his son, because they belong to the good ones. Therefore they have to be carful who they trust and their search for food is more difficult. In addition they have to take care for their clothing, especially for their shoes because it is very cold since the catastrophe. [4] â€Å"Mostly he worried about their shoes. That and food. Always food. † (McCarthy, 2006: 17) [5] The most problematic aspect is the fathers task to raise his son under such circumstances without neglecting the sense of humanness. The world he knows was completely destroyed and there is no common childhood. The son has to cope with aspects like cannibalism and suicide very early. He also has to accept the circumstance, that his father is going to die sooner or later and that he needs to be able to live on his own when the time comes. His father tries to prepare him as good as he can. McCarthy tells the story among 287 pages. He uses 3rd person narration, where the narrator is omniscient, because he knows about thoughts, dreams and fears of the father and his son. His style of writing without chapters stresses the travel motive. It highlights the fact that the protagonists have to go on and on until they reach the coast and that there are no other important stages in between. Another important technique is the avoidance of names which means that both protagonists remain anonym. This technique highlights the aspect, that in case of a nuclear catastrophe, this scenario could happen to anyone. The father and his son serve as representatives for humankind. In addition there are no concrete names of places which indicates, that this scenario could not just happen to anyone, it could also happen anywhere in the world. There are two more aspects, which remain unclear. The first one is the fate of the mother. The book does not make clear what happened to her because for them, it does not matter. She is gone and that is all they need to know. Secondly there are no details mentioned when it comes to the catastrophe which also indicates that it is not important what happened. The man and his son are alive and so they have to challenge the circumstances, indifferent what caused them. â€Å"The clocks stopped at 1:17. A long shear of light and then a series of low concussions. (†¦) A dull rose glow in the windowglas. (McCarthy, 2006: 52) McCarthy creates a very desperate imagery. His preferred chosen words are dark and sad. He uses short sentences, which guarantees that the novel is written in a minimal, but tough very closely style. [6] â€Å"No list of things to be done. The day providential to itself. The hour. There is no later. This is later. All things of grace and beauty such that one holds them to one’s heart have a common provenance in pain. Their birth in grief and ashes. † (McCarthy, 2006: 54) Even the dialogues between father and son or between them and strangers they met are very short. In addition there are a lot of details described, no matter if they are tolerable or hardly shocking. â€Å"They could smell something cooking. Let’s circle around, the man said. (†¦) They left their food cooking. (†¦) What is it? He said. What is it? The boy shook his head. Oh Papa, he said. He turned and looked again. What the bay had seen was a charred human infant headless and gutted and blackening on the spit. † (McCarthy, 2006: 198) The two unnamed Protagonists The son is about 10 years old and was born after the catastrophe. That is why he does not know the world as it was before. He has although no childhood like one would think of. He has to grow up without his mom, knowing that his father will also fade away one day. Therefore he has to learn very much important skills in a short amount of time. He has no real toys and no other kids around him. In contrast he knows how to kill himself and feels responsible for his father, who became ill. It is important to say, that the son serves as a symbol for hope. â€Å"He knew only that the child was his warrant. He said: If he is not the word of God God never spoke. † (McCarthy, 2006: 5) Not only for his father, also for other people they met. For example Ely, the second stranger they met thought that he was an angel. Within the story the young boy grows from a child with a lot of questions and fears to a boy with a big sense of humanity, who knows a lot about the world he lives in and feels responsible for other people. â€Å"The man squatted and looked at him. I’m scared, he said. Do you understand? I’m scared. (†¦) You’re not the one who has to worry about everything. The boy said something but he couldn’t understand him. What? he aid. He looked up, his wet and grimy face. Yes I am, he said. I am the one. † (McCarthy, 2006: 259) The father can be characterized as a reactor. Whenever it comes to violent actions he is just acting in self-defence. He knows the world as it has been before the catastrophe, and feels sorry for his son but he also knows that he can not hold the horror away from him. He faces the fact that his son h as to live on his own one day and that it is his job to make sure that he will be able to do so. Therefore he is distrustful when it comes to strangers. He always reminds his son to be less helpful and a bit more wary but often he does not succeed. In addition he is very ill and weak. The only reason why he is able to go on without committing suicide is his son. Everything he does is for him. â€Å"He held the boy close to him. So thin. My heart, he said. My heart. But he knew that if he were a good father still it might well be as she had said. That the boy was all that stood between him and death. † (McCarthy, 2006: 29) Ending The ending of the novel is a happy one. They manage to reach the coast and the father dies in peace. After some days other survivors appear. There is another man, a woman and two other children, a boy and a girl. The boy talks to the man and makes clear that they belong to the good guys who â€Å"carry the fire†, which means that they do not kill and eat other people. After he made that clear, it is okay for him to go with them. Therefore the ending implies a new beginning, because it could be possible that the boy and the girl create descendants one day, which would be a first step to get a new population. â€Å"The woman when he saw him put her arms around him and held him. (†¦) I am so glad to see you. She would talk to him sometimes about God. He tried to talk to God but the best thing was to talk to his father and he did talk to him and he didn’t forget. † (McCarthy, 2006: 286) The Movie The movie â€Å"The Road† was published in 2009. John Hillcoat (Director) and Joe Penhall (Screenplay) produced a cinematic adaptation of the novel with the same title and story which takes 111 minutes. The role of the father is played by Viggo Mortensen and Kodi Smit-McPhee plays the role of the son. [7] As already said, the story is almost the same. There are just a few changes within it. For example there are some flashbacks to the time before the catastrophe and shortly after it, when the mother was still alive. In addition there are some omissions because of details which would have been too shocking, like the passage with the infant corpse. [8] Despite those supplements and omissions Hillcoat and Penhall did a really good job. They managed it to copy the imagery of McCarthy’s special style of writing into the atmosphere of the film. Therefore they used a number of techniques. [9] The depressive and sad atmosphere is easily created by mostly grey and brown colours. Furthermore the film was produced in wintertime, when there automatically lies snow and the trees are without leaves. The film implies no ordinary scenery, because it is not a complex story. The contrast comes when the flashbacks to the time before the catastrophe are shown. The colours change into very intensive ones, it is summer and you always hear nice piano music. One could also argue that the piano serves as a symbol for the presence of the mother and for civilisation because it represents culture. When the father remembers his wife there is always piano music which accentuates the scenes. Later in the film he has to cut an old piano into pieces in order to get wood for a fire. This is a clear indication that he is angry with his wife because of her decision to commit suicide. Those scenes are different to the few passages about the mother in the book. She is not a big issue in the novel. Within the book the story is told by an omniscient 3rd person narrator. In the cinematic adaptation the man tells the story. This is a contrast to the book, where the actions, feelings and thoughts of the man are part of the narration. On the one hand one could argue that this contrast is problematic because in the end the father is going to die and the way of narration could be too personal. But on the other hand Hillcoat and Penhall had to choose someone who tells the story and they had no other opportunity if they want to have the option of flashbacks and omniscience. According to the protagonists there is one other existing difference. In the book the boy seems to accept his fate and tries to make the best out of it. He grows up very fast and is rather adulty than childish. In the film he collects some artefacts like a broken comb of his mother, wears her clothes and also has a few toys. He is often scared and cries when he is. All in all, the boy is played like a child and not as grown up as he is described in the book. The overlapping aspect is the importance of â€Å"to carry the fire†. He is always asking if someone carries the fire, which means not to kill other people and disregard morality and values. The biggest difference between the novel and its cinematic adaptation is the ending. In the book it is described as a happy end. The father dies, the son meets another family who also carries the fire and can go with them. In addition the family has a daughter, which means that there is a new beginning for civilisation implied. This procedure is the same at the end of the film but there are some details which change the situation. Firstly the thumbs of the veteran are missing or garbled. That was also the case when they met the thief who has stolen their cart with all their goods. Those missing fingers can lead to the suggestion that he had been a member of a cannibalism commune. This would also fit to the question why a family should voluntary incorporate another hungry child. In fact there is no food left and every additional person is a risk at the same time. One also has to remember that they have a dog in the movie, which is pure luxury according to the circumstances they live in. According to those details there are two possibilities: either they are just as friendly and careful as the boy and it is an act of charity, or they see their chance in getting extra food without killing someone of their family or group. Novel or Movie? In my opinion both works are really great. I like the novel of McCarthy very much because of his style of writing and the atmosphere within the story. The dialogues are short, concise and therefore fit totally in. In addition the characters with their actions, thoughts, feelings and dreams as well as the ending of the story are simply realistic. There are some differences when it comes to the cinematic adaptation but those are no reasons for regarding the film as inferior. As already said, I think that Hillcoat and Penhall did a great job because it must have been very hard to transport McCarthy’s style of writing into a movie. What I like most is the ending of the film. It is less clear than in the book and every viewer can decide which option seems to be more realistic. I think the interpretation of the ending refers to ones personal character traits. If the viewer is as prudent, distrusting and sometimes hopeless like the father he will maybe be more likely to see it critical. In contrast a viewer who is as optimistic as the son will probably see the details as unimportant and therefore recognize the ending as a happy end, like the one of the book. This opportunity of individual interpretation is a great aspect of the movie.Bibliography McCarthy, Comac. The Road. New York: Vintage Books, 2006 http://www.buecher.de/shop/krimi–thriller/the-road/mccarthy-cormac/products_products/detail/prod_id/22749892/session/0c16e28341622398e76f09549b0dc89c/ (23.02.2012) http://www.cormacmccarthy.com/works/theroad.htm (23.02.2012) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0898367/ (23.02.2012) http://sweetcheese.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/41jilx9r0rl_ss500_.jpg (23.02.2012) http://quaterlyconversation.com/the-road-by-cormac-mccarthy-review (23.02.2012) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0898367/ (25.02.2012) Movie: â€Å"The Road†, Universum Film GmbH: 2009 http://www.beyondhollywood.com/the-road-2008-movie-images-gallery/the-road-movie/ (25.02.2012)